The powerful bash wildcards – 2.0
Without these cool little things called shell wildcards, working on the Linux command line is pretty painful. So make sure you put the wildcards into good use.
< What are shell wildcards >
Wildcards are a shell feature that makes the command line much more powerful than any GUI file managers. You see, if you want to select a big group of files in a graphical file manager, you usually have to select them with your mouse. This may seem simple, but in some cases it can be very frustrating. For example, suppose you have a directory with a huge amount of all kinds of files and subdirectories, and you decide to move all the HTML files, that have the word “linux” somewhere in the middle of their names, from that big directory into another directory. What’s a simple way to do this? If the directory contains a huge amount of differently named HTML files, your task is everything but simple!
In the Linux CLI that task is just as simple to perform as moving only one HTML file, and it’s so easy because of the shell wildcards. Wildcards are special characters that allow you to select filenames that match certain patterns of characters. This helps you to select even a big group of files with typing just a few characters, and in most cases it’s easier than selecting the files with a mouse.
Here’s a list of the most commonly used wildcards in bash:
| Wildcard | Matches |
| * | zero or more characters |
| ? | exactly one character |
| [abcde] | exactly one character listed |
| [a-e] | exactly one character in the given range |
| [!abcde] | any character that is not listed |
| [!a-e] | any character that is not in the given range |
| {debian,linux} | exactly one entire word in the options given |
You can use wildcards with any command that accepts file names as arguments.
< Wildcard examples >
Let’s have a few examples. Probably the * character is already familiar to you, because it’s widely used in many other places, too, not just in Linux. For example, the following removes every file from the current directory:
$ rm *
The following command moves all the HTML files, that have the word “linux” in their names, from the working directory into a directory named dir1:
$ mv *linux*.html dir1
See, I told you that moving multiple files can be just as simple as moving only one file!
The following displays all files that begin with d and end with .txt:
$ less d*.txt
The following command removes all files whose names begin with junk., followed by exactly three characters:
$ rm junk.???
With this command you list all files or directories whose names begin with hda, followed by exactly one numeral:
$ ls hda[0-9]
This lists all files or directories beginning with hda, followed by exactly two numerals:
$ ls hda[0-9][0-9]
The following lists all files or directories whose name starts with either hd or sd, followed by any single character between a and c:
$ ls {hd,sd}[a-c]
This command copies all files, that begin with an uppercase letter, to directory dir2:
$ cp [A-Z]* dir2
This deletes all files that don’t end with c, e, h or g:
$ rm *[!cehg]
I could continue on and on with these examples, but you get the idea. You can use simple patterns or combine different wildcards and construct very complex patterns, and like I said before, you can use them with any commands that accept file names as arguments.
